$\mathbb{C}$ is closure of residue field modulo infintely large prime
问题内容
It is a well-known fact that there exists a non‑principal ultrafilter $\mathcal{U}$ on the set of prime numbers such that the ultraproduct of the algebraic closures of the finite fields is isomorphic to the complex numbers: $$ \mathbb{C}\;\cong\; \prod_{\mathcal{U}}\ \overline{\mathbb{F}}_p . $$ The standard proof relies on the observation that both are algebraically closed fields of characteristic $0$, of cardinality $2^{\aleph_0}$, and have infinite transcendence degree over $\mathbb{Q}$.
This isomorphism has greatly clarified many reduction‑mod‑$p$ arguments for me. I often picture it geometrically in the following way: the “one‑dimensional” ultraproduct $\prod_{\mathcal{U}} \mathbb{F}_p$ (before taking algebraic closures) corresponds to the real line $\mathbb{R}$, and then adjoining algebraic elements (roots of unity, etc.) to obtain the full ultraproduct $\prod_{\mathcal{U}}\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p$ corresponds to passing from $\mathbb{R}$ to $\mathbb{C}$. In this mental picture, roots of unity in the ultraproduct are mapped to roots of unity in $\mathbb{C}$.
I have several questions about this viewpoint:
Validity of the analogy. Can this geometric picture be made rigorous? For instance, does there exist a subfield of $\prod_{\mathcal{U}}\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p$ that is isomorphic to $\mathbb{R}$ and that plays the role of the “real line” in the ultraproduct? More generally, is there a way to formalise the idea that $\prod_{\mathcal{U}}\mathbb{F}_p$ sits inside $\prod_{\mathcal{U}}\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p \cong \mathbb{C}$ like $\mathbb{R}$ sits inside $\mathbb{C}$?
Other visual interpretations. Are there alternative conceptual or visual ways to understand this isomorphism? Any different mental images that illuminate how properties transfer between characteristic $p$ and characteristic $0$ would be very welcome.
Visualising the Frobenius. Under this isomorphism, can one “see” the Frobenius endomorphism, and consequently the Frobenius twist? That is, how does the family of Frobenius maps $x \mapsto x^p$ on each $\overline{\mathbb{F}}_p$ behave after taking the ultraproduct and identifying the result with $\mathbb{C}$? Does the resulting automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$ admit a geometric interpretation?
I am a graduate student, so feel free to use arguments of any level of technicality.
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